If a person is inside the room where there is no light, it is then impossible to visualize the object inside the room but the object out of the room can be seen easily.

When light falls on eyes after reflecting from the object, it becomes visible. If the room is dark, then the object which is in the room reflects no light. Hence, the person is not able to see the objects in the room where there is no light.

Question - 2 : - Differentiate between regular and diffused reflection. Does diffused reflection mean the failure of the laws of reflection?

Answer - 2 : -

S.No	Regular Reflection	Diffused Reflection
1.	It occurs when the surface is smooth.	It occurs when the surface is a rough surface.
2.	Reflected rays move in a particular direction.	Reflected rays scattered in random directions.
	Example: Reflection by the plane mirror	Example: Reflection by the road surface.

The laws of reflectionhave not failed because each ray obeys the law of reflection. All the reflectedrays are parallel to each other, whereas in diffused reflection the rays aren’tparallel to the incident rays.

Question - 3 : -
Mention against each of the following whether regular or diffused reflection will take place when a beam of light strikes. Justify your answer in each case.

(a) Polished wooden table

(b) Chalk powder

(c) Cardboard surface

(d) Marble floor with water spread over it

(e) Mirror

(f) Piece of paper

Answer - 3 : -

a) The wooden table that has been a polished-Regular reflection

The surface that has been recently polished can be a good example of a smooth surface. The wooden table that has been polished has a surface that is smooth.

b) White Chalk powder that is used in school- Diffused reflection

Chalk powder spread on a surface is an example of an irregular surface. Hence, it is rough. Therefore, the diffused reflection will appear from chalk powder.

c) Cardboard surface- Diffused reflection

The surface of the cardboard is a kind of irregular surface. Hence, the diffused reflection will take place from a cardboard surface.

d) Marble floor – Regular reflection

Marble floor can be a good example of a surface that is regular. Since water makes the ceramic glossy, thus, the reflections that are regular occur on this surface.

e) Mirror- Regular reflection

A mirror has a very smooth surface hence it gives a regular reflection.

f) Piece of paper- Diffused reflection

Although a piece of paper may look smooth, it has many irregularities on its surface. Due to this reason, it will give a diffused reflection.

Question - 4 : - State the laws of reflection.

Answer - 4 : -

The law of reflection states that

a) The angle of reflection and the angle of incidence both are always equal to one another.

b) The reflected ray, the incident ray, and the normal to the reflective surface at the point of incidence all come on the same plane.

Question - 5 : - Describe an activity to show that the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.

Answer - 5 : -

On a table, place a plane mirror perpendicular to the plane of the table. Make a small hole in a paper and hold it perpendicular to the plane of the table. Try to do this experiment in a dark room. Take one more piece of paper and place it on the table so that it makes contact with the mirror. Draw a line perpendicular to the mirror on the piece of paper which is on the table. Now beam light rays with the help of a torch through the small hole such that the beam of light hits the normal at the bottom of the mirror. The ray of light will be reflected in the light rays from the hole are incident on the mirror. Looking at the piece of paper on the table, we can easily show that the incident ray, the normal line and the reflected ray at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.

Question - 6 : -
Fill in the blanks in the following.

(a) A person 1 m in front of a plane mirror seems to be _______________ m away from his image.

(b) If you touch your ____________ ear with right hand in front of a plane mirror it will be seen in the mirror that your right ear is touched with ____________.

(c) The size of the pupil becomes ____________ when you see in dim light.

(d) Night birds have ____________ cones than rods in their eyes.

Answer - 6 : -

(a) A person 1 m in front of a plane mirror seems to be 2m away from his image.

(b) If you touch your left ear with right hand in front of a plane mirror it will be seen in the mirror that your right ear is touched with the left hand.

(d) Night birds have fewer cones than rods in their eyes.

Question - 7 : -
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

(a) Always

(b) Sometimes

(c) Under special conditions

(d) Never

Answer - 7 : -

(a) Always

Question - 8 : -
Image formed by a plane mirror is

(a) virtual, behind the mirror and enlarged.
(b) virtual, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.
(c) real at the surface of the mirror and enlarged.
(d) real, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.

Answer - 8 : -

(b) virtual, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.

Question - 9 : - Describe the construction of a kaleidoscope.

Answer - 9 : -

The construction of a kaleidoscope:

Take three rectangular mirror strips of dimensions 15cm x 4cm (l x b) and join them together to form a prism. A prism is fixed into a circular cardboard tube. The circular cardboard tube should be slightly longer than the prism. This circular tube is now closed at one end with a cardboard disc. This disc has a hole through which we can see. At the other end of the circular tube, a plane glass plate is fixed. It is important that this glass plate touches the prism mirrors. On this glass plate, several small and broken pieces of coloured glass are placed. This end is now closed by a round glass plate allowing enough space for the coloured glass pieces to move.

Question - 10 : -
Draw a labelled sketch of the human eye.

Answer - 10 : -

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