Chapter 6 Learning Solutions
Question - 11 : - Explain the different forms of cognitive learning?
Answer - 11 : -
The different forms of cognitive learning are:
(i) Insight Learning
- It refers to the process through which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes clear.
- The problem is presented after which a period of time follows without apparent progress and finally a solution suddenly emerges.
- The solution can be repeated immediately the next time the problem is confronted.
- Learning is not a specific set of conditioned associations between stimuli and responses but a cognitive relationship between a means and an end. Thus, it can be generalised to similar problems.
(ii) Latent Learning
- A new behaviour is learnt but not demonstrated until the reinforcement is provided for displaying it.
- Tolman explained it with an experiment on rats wherein the rats were grouped into two, and one group was given food at the end of maze, while the other group was not given any food. However, after being reinforced these rats ran through the maze as efficiently as the group that was given food.
Question - 12 : - How can we identify students with learning disabilities?
Answer - 12 : -
The students with learning disability have some common symptoms through which they can be identified. These are as follows:
(i) They have difficulty in reading and writing letters, words, phrases and speaking. They suffer from hearing problems without any auditory defect.
(ii) They have disorders of attention and get distracted easily leading to hyperactivity.
(iii) They have poor space orientation and inadequate sense of time. They also have difficulty in getting oriented to new surroundings and feel lost. They get confused in following directions and misjudge right, left, up and down.
(iv) These children have poor motor coordination and manual dexterity.
(v) They are unable to understand and follow oral directions.
(vi) They misjudge relationships as to the classmates who are friendly and the ones who are not and are unable to comprehend various body languages.
(vii) They show perceptual disorders which includes visual, auditory, tactual and kinesthetic misperception.
(viii) Many learning disabled children suffer from dyslexia and fail to copy letters and words and do not learn to organise verbal materials.