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Chapter 8 – Infrastructure Solutions

Question - 11 : - How has the consumption pattern of energy changed over the years?

Answer - 11 : -

Pattern of energy consumption in India is as follows:

  1. In India, different sources of energy are converted into a common unit ‘million tonne of oil equivalent’ (MTOE).
  2. At present, commercial energy consumption is 65 per cent of total energy consumed in India.
  3.  Goal has the largest share of 55 per cent, followed by oil at 31 per cent, natural gas at 11 per cent and hydro energy at 3 per cent.
  4.  Non-commercial energy sources account for over 30 per cent of the total energy consumption.
  5.  There is import dependence on crude and petroleum products, which is likely to grow to more than 100 per cent in the near future.
  6.  Atomic energy is an important source of electric power. At present nuclear/atomic energy accounts for only 2.4 per cent of total primary energy consumption.

Question - 12 : - How are the rates of consumption of energy and economic growth connected?

Answer - 12 : - Energy is a critical aspect of development process of a nation. It is essential for industries, agriculture and related areas like transportation of finished goods. It is also used for domestic purposes like cooking, lighting, heating, etc. With economic growth, consumption of energy will rise.

Question - 13 : - What problems are being faced by the power sector in India?

Answer - 13 : -

Emerging Challenges in the Power Sector:

  1.  Insufficient Installed Capacity
  2.  Underutilisation of Capacity
  3.  Losses Incurred by SEBs
  4.  Uncertain Role of Private Players
  5.  Public Unrest
  6.  Shortage of Raw Materials
  7.  Unable to Cover up the Transmission and Distribution (T&D) Losses
  8.  Operational Inefficiency
  9. Incomplete Electrification
  10.  Need to Conserve Energy.

Question - 14 : - Discuss the reforms which have been initiated recently to meet the energy crisis in India.

Answer - 14 : -

The reforms to meet energy crisis in India:

  1.  Improved Plant Load Factor. The Ministry of Power has launched the ‘Partnership in Excellence’ programme. In this 26 thermal stations (with PLF less than 60%) have Been taken up for improving the efficiency.
  2.  Encourage Private Sector Participation. In order to overcome the problems of power sector, the government announced a policy in 1991 which allowed private sector participation in power generation and distribution schemes. It is important to resolve the problems arid difficulties and frame policies which can ensure effective participation of private sector in this sector.
  3.  Promote the Use of CFLs to Conserve Energy. A new and advanced lighting technology called the Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) is a more efficient alternative to domestic energy consumption. According to the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), the Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) consume 80 per cent less power as compared to ordinary bulbs.

Question - 15 : - What are the main characteristics of health of the people of our country?

Answer - 15 : -

The main characteristics of health of people of our country:

  1.  Decline in death rate to 8 per thousand in 2001.
  2.  Reduction in infant mortality rate to 7 per thousand in 2001.
  3.  Rise in life expectancy to 64 years in 2001.
  4. Control over deadly diseases like cholera, smallpox, malaria, polio and leprosy.
  5.  Fall in child mortality rate to 23 per thousand in 2001.

Question - 16 : - What is a ‘global burden of disease’?

Answer - 16 : - Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) is an indicator used by experts to gauge the number of people dying prematurely, due to particular diseases as well as the number of years spent by them in a state of disability owing to the disease.

Question - 17 : - Discuss the main drawbacks of our health care system.

Answer - 17 : -

Emerging Challenges in the Health:

  1. High GBD
  2.  Poor State of Primary Health Centres
  3. Regional Bias—Urban-Rural Divide
  4.  Income Bias—Poor-Rich Divide
  5. Gender Bias—Poor Health of Women.
  6.  Communicable diseases
  7.  Poor Provision
  8.  Privatisation

Question - 18 : - How has women’s health become a matter of great concern?

Answer - 18 : -

Gender Bias—Poor Health of Women:

  1.  There is growing incidence of female foeticide in the country. Close to 3,00,000 girls under the age of 15 are not only married but have already borne children at least once.
  2.  More than 50 per cent of married women between the age group of 15 and 49 suffer from anaemia caused by iron deficiency. It has contributed to 19 per cent of maternal deaths.

Question - 19 : - Describe the meaning of public health. Discuss the major public health measures undertaken by the state in recent years to control diseases.

Answer - 19 : -

 Public health refers to the health status of all the people of the country.
Some measures undertaken by the state in recent years to control diseases are:

  1.  Success in the long-term battle against diseases depends on education and efficient health infrastructure. It is, therefore, critical to create awareness on health and hygiene systems.
  2.  The role of telecom and IT sectors cannot be neglected in this process.
  3.  The effectiveness of health care programmes also rests on primary centres. Efforts should be made to make PHCs more efficient.
  4. Encouragement should be given to private-public partnership. They can effectively ensure reliability, quality and affordability of both drugs and medical care.

Question - 20 : - List out the six systems of Indian medicine.

Answer - 20 : -

AYUSH means:
A : Ayurveda
Y : Yoga and Naturopathy
U : Unani
S : Siddha H : Homoeopathy.

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