The Act allowed the government to confiscate the assets of newspapers including their printing presses if the newspapers published anything “objectionable”.

3. In 1883, there was a furore over the attempt by the government to introduce the Ilbert Bill.

The bill provided for the trial of British or European persons by Indians, and sought equality between British and Indian judges in the country.

But the British (white) forced the government to withdraw the bill. Indians burst into anger. This event highlighted the whim of the British against Indians.

Question - 2 : -
Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?

Answer - 2 : -

The Indian National Congress wished to speak for the entire people belonging to different communities of India.

Question - 3 : -
What economic impact did the First World War have on India?

Answer - 3 : -

World War I altered the economic and political situation in India.
Defence expenditure of the Government of India rose manifold. As a consequence taxes on individual incomes and business profits increased several times.
Increased military expenditure and demands for war supplies, resulted in a sharp rise in prices, causing great difficulties for the common people.
Demand for industrial goods (jute bags, cloth, rails) and a decline of imports from other countries led to the expansion of Indian industry. So, Indian business groups earned a huge profit.

Question - 4 : -
What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for?

Answer - 4 : -

The Muslim League resolution of 1940 asked for “Independent States’ for Muslims in the north-western and eastern areas of the country. The resolution did not mention partition or the name Pakistan.

Question - 5 : -
Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?

Answer - 5 : -

The Congress in the first twenty years of its formation was “moderate” in its objectives and methods.

1. During this period it demanded a greater voice for Indians in the government and in administration.

It wanted that the Indians should be given more representation in the Legislative Councils and given more power.
Legislative councils should be introduced in provinces where it did not exist.
It demanded that Indians be placed in high positions in the government.
For this, it called for civil service examinations to be held in India as well, not just in London.

2. Other demands of the Congress included:

The separation of the judiciary from the executive
The repeal of the Arms Act and
Freedom of speech and expression.

3. The early Congress raised numerous economic issues.

The Congress demanded:
reduction of revenue
cut in military expenditure
more funds for irrigation

4. It passed various resolutions on:

The salt tax
Good treatment of Indian laborers abroad
The sufferings of forest dwellers.

5. The Moderate leaders wanted to develop public awareness about the unjust nature of British rule. For this, they published newspapers, wrote articles, and showed the economic ruin of the country by the British.

They criticised British rule in their speeches and sent representatives to different parts of the country to mobilise public opinion.

6. Congress talked about many other issues concerned with the Indians, besides those of professional groups, zamindars, and industrialists.

7. The Moderates felt that the British had respect for the ideals of freedom and justice.

So they would accept these demands if they made the government aware of the feelings of Indians.

Question - 6 : -
How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the Moderates?

Answer - 6 : -

The Radicals within Congress cherished different opinions. They had a deep faith in action and wanted to drive away from the foreigners as soon as possible. They criticised the Moderates for their “politics of prayers’ and gave emphasis on self-reliance and constructive work. They argued that people must fight for swaraj. Unless they fought against the British rule unitedly, they would not bring independence to their country.

Question - 7 : -
Discuss the various forms of the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of India. How did people understand Gandhiji?

Answer - 7 : -

The leaders of the Khilafat agitation, Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, wished to start a full-fledged Non-Cooperation Movement.
Gandhiji supported their call. He urged the Congress to campaign against “Punjab wrongs” (Jallianwala massacre), the Khilafat wrong and demand
Different classes and groups, interpreting Gandhiji’s call in their own manner, protested in their own ways. Thus, people linked their movements to local grievances.

Examples:

In Kheda, Gujarat, Patidar peasants organised non-violent campaigns against the high land revenue demand of the British.
In coastal Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were
In the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, tribals and poor peasants staged a number of “forest satyagrahas” by sending their cattle into forests without paying grazing fee.
In many forest villages, peasants declared swaraj and believed that “Gandhi Raj” would be established.
In Sind (now in Pakistan), Muslim traders and peasants supported the Khilafat call wholeheartedly.
In Bengal, the Khilafat/Non-Cooperation alliance gave a strong communal unity and strength to the national movement.
In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs removed corrupt mahants—supported by the British—from their gurdwaras.
In Assam, tea garden labourers shouted “Gandhi Maharaj ki Jaif. They demanded a big increase in their wages. They left the British-owned plantations declaring that they were following Gandhiji’s wish.
In the Assamese Vaishnava, songs of the period the reference to Krishna, was Substituted by “Gandhi Raja”.

Understanding of Gandhiji by the people

People thought of Gandhiji as a messiah, as someone who could help them overcome their misery and poverty.
Gandhiji wished to build class unity, not class conflict, yet peasants could imagine that he would help them in their fight against zamindars.
Agricultural labourers believed Mahatma Gandhi would provide them land and get taxes reduced.
Common people credited Gandhiji with their own.

Question - 8 : -
Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?

Answer - 8 : -

Gandhiji was very much worried about the salt law. According to this law, the state had a monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt. Gandhiji thought that it was sinful to tax salt because it is an essential item of our food and is required equally by the rich and the poor. Hence he decided to break this law in anticipation that people from all walks of life would extend their support. Needless to say that Gandhiji’s Salt March became very successful.

Question - 9 : -
Discuss those developments of the 1937 – 47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan.

Answer - 9 : -

Developments of 1937-1947 period Leading to the creation of Pakistan:

Muslim league was formed in 1906 but Congress’s failure to mobilise the Muslim masses in the 1920s allowed the League to widen its social support.
In Election results of 1937, they got very less seats, even in areas where a large number of Muslims lived, made them feel as a minority community.
In 1940 two nation theory was floated by them.
Elections to the provinces were again held in 1946. Congress did well in the “General” constituencies but the the league’s success in the seats reserved for Muslims was spectacular. So the league persisted with its demand for “Pakistan”.
In March 1946 the British cabinet sent a three-member mission to Delhi to examine this demand and to suggest a suitable political framework for a free India.
After the failure of the Cabinet Mission, the Muslim League decided on mass agitation for winning its Pakistan demand and announced 16 August 1946 as “Direct Action Day”.
On this day riots broke out in Calcutta, lasting several days and resulting in the death of thousands of people, mostly Hindus.
By March 1947 violence spread to different parts of northern India.
With mass agitation, India was partitioned in 1947 and Pakistan was born.

Question - 10 : -
Find out how the national movement was organised in your city, district, area or state. Who participated in it and who led it? What did the movement in your area achieve?

Answer - 10 : -

Organisation of National Movement in our city:

Hints:

Visit of Gandhiji.
Formation of Action Committees.
Meetings and awareness of different events at the national level.
Prabhat Pheries and Rallies.
Protest march to district headquarters.
Mass arrests.
Hanging of the freedom fighters.
Award after getting independence.

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